{"id":4186,"date":"2024-03-20T11:23:03","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T11:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/addictionfreedomnow.com\/?page_id=4186"},"modified":"2024-04-10T23:16:29","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T23:16:29","slug":"addiction-dictionary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/addictionfreedomnow.com\/addiction-dictionary\/","title":{"rendered":"Addiction Dictionary"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='content-column one_half'><h2>At Addiction Freedom Now we keep you informed on your level of care.<\/h2>\n<p>We understand treatment terms and acronyms can be confusing while trying to also navigate the process of finding the right treatment center for your loved one. Below are some definitions of typical level of care alcohol and drug treatment options.<br \/><\/div>\n<div class='content-column one_half last_column'><div style=\"padding-left:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-889 lazy-loaded\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/addictionfreedomnow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/AddictionFreedomNow_rehab-treatment-definitions.jpg\" \/><br \/><\/div><\/div><div class='clear_column'><\/div>\n<p><b>Abstinence:\u00a0<\/b>The absence of substance use. However, there are many different types of abstinence. Abstinence is typically interpreted as complete abstinence, defined below:<br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <b>Continuous abstinence:<\/b>\u00a0not consuming the drug of choice during a specified period of time<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <b>Essentially abstinent:<\/b>\u00a0not consuming more than a specified amount of the drug over a period of time<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <b>Minimal abstinence:<\/b>\u00a0achieving a minimal period of recovery during a period of time<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <b>Point-in-time abstinence:<\/b>\u00a0not consuming the drug of choice at a single point in time (e.g., the past 30 days)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <b>Complete abstinence:<\/b>\u00a0continuous abstinence from all\u00a0alcohol and other drugs<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <b>Involuntary abstinence:<\/b>\u00a0enforced abstinence due to hospitalization or incarceration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Abuser :\u00a0<\/b>A person who exhibits impaired control over engaging in substance use (or other reward-seeking behavior, such as gambling) despite suffering severe harms caused by such activity.<\/p>\n<p><b>Acceptance And Commitment Therapy (ACT):\u00a0<\/b>Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; pronounced like the word \u201cact\u201d) is a cognitive-behavioral approach used in the treatment of substance use disorders that is based on the concepts of acceptance, mindfulness, and personal values.<\/p>\n<p><b>Acute Care:\u00a0<\/b>Immediate, short-term medically managed or monitored care, lasting up to 31 days in length. Most addiction treatment programs (e.g., \u201crehab\u201d) follow an acute care model. Understanding substance use disorder to be a chronic illness, recovery may require ongoing continuing care beyond acute treatment episodes.<\/p>\n<p><b>Addict:\u00a0<\/b>A person who exhibits impaired control over engaging in substance use (or other reward-seeking behavior, such as gambling) despite suffering severe harms caused by such activity.<\/p>\n<p><b>Addiction :\u00a0<\/b>According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM),\u00a0addiction\u00a0is a primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestation. Addiction is characterized by behaviors that include:<br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Impaired control over drug use<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Compulsive use<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Continued use despite harm<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Cravings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Addiction Counselor :\u00a0<\/b>Type of non-medically credentialed addiction treatment provider. Counselors vary across jurisdictions in their titles, their required level of education, and required level of training.<\/p>\n<p><b>Addiction Medicine Physician :\u00a0<\/b>A board-certified physician in some specialty (e.g., family medicine, pediatrics, neurology) who has undergone specialized training in addiction diagnosis, treatment, and management, but who does not typically provide addiction-specific psychotherapy, although often provides brief counseling.<\/p>\n<p><b>Addiction Psychiatrist :\u00a0<\/b> A physician who is board-certified as a psychiatrist with specialized training in addiction diagnosis, treatment, and management. Addiction psychiatrists can provide therapy, although most emphasize and prescribe medications and work in collaboration with social workers, psychologists, or counselors who provide psychotherapy.<\/p>\n<p><b>Al-Anon :\u00a0<\/b> A mutual-help organization or peer support group for people who have been affected by a loved one\u2019s alcohol use disorder. Groups are based on the 12-step principles of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), and have attendees share stories and build supportive networks to help one another cope with the difficulties of having a loved one experience an alcohol use disorder. The focus is placed more on changing oneself and one\u2019s patterns of interacting with the addicted loved one, rather than on trying to change the alcohol-addicted person\u2019s behavior directly.<\/p>\n<p><b>Alcohol :\u00a0<\/b>A liquid that is or contains ethanol or ethyl alcohol produced by the fermentation of sugars. Alcohol acts as a depressant to the central nervous system, producing feelings of relaxation and pleasure, reduced inhibitions, motor impairment, memory loss, slurred speech, and additionally at high doses can cause breathing problems, coma, or death. Alcohol consumption is also connected to increased risk of accidents (e.g., car crashes), risky sexual behavior, violent behavior, suicide, and homicide.<\/p>\n<p><b>Long-term health consequences include:<\/b>\u00a0neurological impairment, liver disease, pancreatic disease, cancer (mouth, esophagus, throat, liver, breast), high blood pressure, stroke, heart problems,<\/p>\n<p><b>Alcoholic:\u00a0<\/b>A person who exhibits impaired control over engaging in alcohol use despite suffering severe harms caused by such activity.<\/p>\n<p><b>Alcohol Anonymous (AA):\u00a0<\/b> International fellowship for individuals with problematic drinking. Founded in 1935, AA is a nonprofessional, financially self-supporting, multiracial, apolitical organization that is open to all ages, and as the largest mutual-help organization, offers meetings in most locations in North America and most countries around the world.<\/p>\n<p>AA is a 12-step program that revolves around its main text, known as the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.recoveryanswers.org\/addiction-ary\/#big-book\">Big Book<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Alcohol Use Disorder:\u00a0<\/b>A problematic pattern of alcohol consumption, characterized by compulsive use of alcohol, impaired control over alcohol intake, and a negative emotional state when not using.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Drinking more or for a longer period than intended<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> On more than one occasion feeling the need or attempting to cut down or stop drinking<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Spending a lot of time drinking or recovering from the aftereffects of alcohol<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.recoveryanswers.org\/addiction-ary\/#craving\"><span class=\"s5\">Craving<\/span><\/a>\u00a0or thinking about wanting a drink, or having the urge to use alcohol<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Failing to fulfill major work, school, or home responsibilities due to\u00a0drinking<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Continuing\u00a0to drink even though it is causing relationship troubles with your family or friends<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Prioritizing drinking by giving up or cutting back on activities that were important to you or gave you pleasure<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Drinking before or during\u00a0situations that are physically dangerous\u2014while driving a car, operating machinery,\u00a0swimming, or having unsafe sex<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Continuing\u00a0to drink even though drinking is making you feel depressed or anxious, is linked to another health problem, or results in\u00a0having memory blackouts<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Developing a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.recoveryanswers.org\/addiction-ary\/#tolerance\"><span class=\"s4\">tolerance<\/span><\/a>\u00a0for drinking\u2014needing\u00a0much more than you once did to get the desired effect from alcohol, or\u00a0not experiencing the same effect when drinking the same amount of alcohol<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.recoveryanswers.org\/addiction-ary\/#withdrawal\"><span class=\"s5\">Withdrawal<\/span><\/a>, as characterized by having\u00a0withdrawal symptoms (trouble sleeping, shakiness, restlessness, nausea, sweating, a racing heart, a seizure, or sensing things that are not there, hallucinations)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Assessment :\u00a0<\/b>An ongoing process used to determine the medical, psychological, and social needs of individuals with substance-related conditions and problems. It can take the form of biological assays (e.g., blood or urine samples), as well as clinical diagnostic interviewing and the completion of self-report measures to determine the presence of a substance use disorder or other psychiatric condition, and other symptoms and challenges with the ultimate goal of developing a fully informed and helpful treatment and recovery plan.<\/p>\n<p><b>Barbiturate :\u00a0<\/b>A type of medication and class of compounds that are central nervous system depressants causing sedation and sleep. These medications have been replaced largely by benzodiazepines because they are less toxic and benzodiazepines have lower potential for overdose risk. Barbiturates are still sometimes used medically, however, as anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital).<\/p>\n<p><b>Behavioral Health :\u00a0<\/b> The field of health care concerned with substance use and other mental health disorders.<\/p>\n<p><b>Benzodiazepines :\u00a0<\/b> A class of psychoactive drugs that act as minor tranquilizers producing sedation and muscle relaxation, and sleep; commonly used in the treatment of anxiety, convulsions, and alcohol withdrawal.<\/p>\n<p><b>Big Book :\u00a0<\/b> The nickname for the basic foundational text of\u00a0the mutual-help organization, Alcoholics Anonymous\u00a0(AA). It outlines the 12 steps that are at the core of the Alcoholics Anonymous program, as well as containing personal stories of alcohol addiction and recovery.<\/p>\n<p><b>Binge Drinking :\u00a0<\/b> Excessive alcohol consumption within a short time period.<\/p>\n<p><b>Buprenorphine :\u00a0<\/b> A semisynthetic opioid to control moderate to severe pain and to treat opioid use disorder. Buprenorphine is administered by injection to control pain, is used in the form of a transdermal skin patch to control pain or treat opioid use disorder and is used alone or in combination with naloxone in the form of a dissolvable tablet placed under the tongue or film placed inside the cheek to treat opioid use disorder. Brand names include: Bunavail, Buprenex, Butrans, Subutex, Suboxone, and Zubsolv.<\/p>\n<p><b>Case Management :\u00a0<\/b> The collaborative process of assessment, planning, care coordination, evaluation, and advocacy for options and services to facilitate disease management (e.g. connecting individuals to mutual help organizations, peer &amp; family support services and counseling, employment, housing, basic healthcare, childcare, etc.).<\/p>\n<p><b>Clean :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A reference to a state of a person being abstinent from drugs of misuse. It may also be used in describing urine test results that are not positive for substance use. The term has been viewed as potentially stigmatizing because of its pejorative connotation, with the opposite being \u201cdirty.\u201d Instead, many in the field advocate for use of proper medical terminology such as describing someone as an individual in remission or recovery and describing urine toxicology test results as either negative or positive.<\/p>\n<p><b>Closed Meetings :\u00a0<\/b> 12-Step meetings that are only available to individuals who identify with having a substance use disorder or think that they may have a substance use disorder and want to stop substance use.<\/p>\n<p><b>COCAINE :\u00a0<\/b> A\u00a0stimulant\u00a0drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant, that activates the reward centers of the brain to produce sensations of extreme happiness and energy, increased mental alertness, hypersensitivity to sight, sound, and touch, irritability or anxiety, constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, nausea, tremors and muscle twitches, rapid and\/or irregular heartbeat, and increased blood pressure and body temperature.\u00a0Also known as blow, coke, crack, rock, snow.<br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Long-term health consequences include:\u00a0loss of sense of smell, extreme bowel decay, increased risk of HIV and Hepatitis.<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Cocaine can be: inhaled (e.g. smoked, or vapors inhaled), snorted, or injected.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>CODEINE :\u00a0<\/b> An analgesic opioid synthetically produced for the treatment of mild to moderate pain that works by activating the reward centers of the brain to provide pain relief. Side effects include headache, skin rash, constipation, changes in heart rate, hallucinations, loss of coordination, decreased sexual desire or irregular menstruation, and trouble breathing. Approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1950, Codeine is frequently combined with\u00a0acetaminophen\u00a0(Tylenol) or\u00a0aspirin\u00a0as a prescription pain medication.<br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Long-term health consequences include:\u00a0dependency, addiction, insomnia, nightmares, liver damage, and seizures.<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Codeine can be:\u00a0ingested orally,\u00a0injected, snorted<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>CO-DEPENDENCY :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0Immoderate emotional or psychological reliance on a partner. Often used with regard to a partner requiring support due to an illness or disease (e.g. substance use disorder).<\/p>\n<p>The term has been viewed as stigmatizing as it tends to pathologize family members\u2019 concern and care for their loved one and may increase their shame.<\/p>\n<p><b>COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT):\u00a0<\/b> A prevalent type of talk therapy (psychotherapy) that involves working with a professional to increase awareness of inaccurate or negative thinking and behavior and to learn to implement new coping strategies.<\/p>\n<p><b>COLD TURKEY :\u00a0<\/b> Slang term for the abrupt and complete cessation in intake of an addictive substance. It stems from the appearance of goosebumps on the skin often observable in addicted individuals when physiologically withdrawing from a substance.<\/p>\n<p><b>COMORBIDITY :\u00a0<\/b> The occurrence of two disorders or illnesses in the same person, also referred to as\u00a0co-occurring\u00a0conditions or sometimes dual diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p><b>COMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS :\u00a0<\/b> Performing an act persistently and repetitively even in the absence of reward or pleasure. Compulsive behavior is often enacted to avoid or reduce the unpleasant experience of negative emotion or physical symptoms (e.g., anxiety, withdrawal from a substance).<\/p>\n<p><b>CONTINUING CARE :\u00a0<\/b> Ongoing care of patients suffering from chronic incapacitating illness or disease. Understanding substance use disorder\u00a0to be a chronic illness, it requires continuing care and ongoing recovery management rather than acute care or treatment delivered in isolated episodes.<\/p>\n<p><b>CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS :\u00a0<\/b> This is used most often to describe in with both mental illness &amp; substance use disorder. Personality disorder may also co-exist with psychiatric illness and\/or substance use disorders. Also known as\u00a0comorbidity\u00a0or\u00a0dual diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p><b>COPING STRATEGIES :\u00a0<\/b> The specific efforts, both behavioral &amp; psychological, utilized to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressful events.<br \/>\nTwo general coping strategies have been distinguished as:<\/p>\n<p>problem solving strategies (active efforts to alleviate stressful circumstances) emotion focused strategies to regulate the emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful events.<\/p>\n<p><b>CRAVING :\u00a0<\/b> A powerful &amp; strong psychological desire to consume a substance or engage in an activity; a symptom of the abnormal brain adaptions (neuroadaptations) that result from addiction. The brain becomes accustomed to the presence of a substance, which when absent, produces a manifest psychological desire to obtain and consume it.<\/p>\n<p><b>CROSS-DEPENDENCE :\u00a0<\/b> The ability of one drug to prevent the withdrawal symptoms of one\u2019s physical dependence on another.<\/p>\n<p><b>CROSS-TOLERANCE :\u00a0<\/b> An individual\u2019s tolerance for one drug results in their lessened response to another, typically in the same class of substances (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines), but may be observed across different classes of substances as well (e.g., alcohol, opioids).<\/p>\n<p><b>DEATHS OF DESPAIR :\u00a0<\/b> Deaths by drug, alcohol, and\/or suicide.<\/p>\n<p><b>DELIRIUM TREMENS :\u00a0<\/b> A severe form of alcohol\u00a0withdrawal\u00a0involving sudden &amp; severe mental or nervous system changes resulting in varying degrees of severe mental confusion and hallucinations. Onset typically occurs 24 hours or longer following cessation of alcohol. It is often preceded by physiological tremulousness and sweating following acute cessation in severely alcohol addicted individuals.<\/p>\n<p><b>DENIAL :\u00a0<\/b> In a psychological sense:\u00a0denial describes individuals who deny substance use problems. It is the tendency of addicted individuals to either disavow or distort variables associated with their drinking or drug use in spite of evidence to the contrary. It\u2019s a common misconception that all addicted individuals with substance use disorder are \u201cin denial.\u201d In fact, individuals have various levels of awareness of their substance use problems and readiness to change behavior. Individuals may accurately recognize certain facts concerning their use, such as number of arrests or how often they drink, while at the same time, misperceive the impact that their use has on the individuals around them, their relationships, how they feel about themselves, or the implications of their substance use history.<\/p>\n<p><b>DEPENDENCE :\u00a0<\/b> The state in which metabolic status and functioning is maintained through the sustained presence of a drug; manifested as a mental or physical disturbance or withdrawal upon removal of the substance.<\/p>\n<p><b>DEPRESSANT :\u00a0<\/b> Psychoactive substance that decreases levels of physiological or nervous system activity in the body decreasing alertness, attention, and energy through decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rates. Informally referred to as \u201cdowners\u201d (e.g., alcohol; benzodiazepines, barbiturate).<\/p>\n<p><b>DESIGNER DRUGS :\u00a0<\/b> A synthetic analog of an illegal drug, devised to circumvent drug laws through changes to chemical compounds.<\/p>\n<p><b>DETOX :\u00a0<\/b> For many, Detox or Medical Detoxification is the 1st step-in long-term recovery. Over time, many substances like opioids, heroin, benzodiazepines (sedatives), and alcohol create a physiological dependence in the body. Once these substances are removed from the body it can precipitate what is called withdrawal. This can be very uncomfortable and potentially life threatening.<\/p>\n<p><b>DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) :\u00a0<\/b> An empirically supported psychosocial treatment for borderline personality disorder, that utilizes a skills-based approach to teach mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance. Though designed to treat borderline personality disorder, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is increasingly being used in the context of substance use disorder treatment.<\/p>\n<p><b>DIRTY :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A reference\u00a0to a urine test that is positive for substance use. A person still using substances. This term is viewed as stigmatizing because of its pejorative connotation.\u00a0Instead, it is recommended to use proper medical terminology such as an individual having positive test results or currently to exhibit symptoms of substance use disorder.<br \/>\n<b>DISEASE :\u00a0<\/b> A particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. It is characterized by specific signs and symptoms, generally serving as an evolutionary disadvantage.<br \/>\n<b>DOPE SICK :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A slang term used to reference withdrawal symptoms from opioids, such as heroin. It is preferable to use more accurate terminology such as suffering from withdrawal.<\/p>\n<p><b>DRUG :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0Drug can\u00a0mean either a \u201cmedication\u201d or a \u201cnon-medically used psychoactive substance.\u201d The term drug has a stigma alert due to the ambiguity of the term. This ambiguity may create a barrier to accessing prescription (psychoactive) medications in cases where their use IS\u00a0medically appropriate. Many advocate instead to use \u201cmedication\u201d or \u201cnon-medically used psychoactive substances\u201d to decrease stigma and communicate with greater specificity.<\/p>\n<p><b>DRUG ABUSE :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A term sometimes used to describe an array of problems resulting from intensive use of psychoactive substances. It has also been used as a diagnostic label. According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), \u201csubstance abuse\u201d is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:<br \/>\nRecurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (such as repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; or neglect of children or household).<\/p>\n<p>Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (such as driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)<br \/>\nRecurrent substance-related legal problems (such as arrests for substance related disorderly conduct)<br \/>\nContinued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (for example, arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication and physical fights)<\/p>\n<p><b>DRUG CLASSES :\u00a0<\/b> Substances can belong to one or more drug categories or classes. A drug class is a group of substances that while not identical, share certain similarities such as chemical structure, elicited effects, or intended usage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Three common classes of commonly medications and non-medically used psychoactive substance include:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> opioids\u00a0(e.g. oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, morphine, heroin)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> depressants\u00a0(diazepam, clonazepam, alcohol)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> stimulants\u00a0(dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, cocaine)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<b>DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS :\u00a0<\/b> In the United States, drugs are classified into 5 groups known as \u2018schedules.\u2019 These 5 schedules determine the medical and legal status of a\u00a0substance.<\/p>\n<p><b>DRUG COURTS :\u00a0<\/b> Drug courts\u00a0are problem-solving\u00a0courts\u00a0that operate under a specialized model in which the judiciary, prosecution, defense bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities work together to help non-violent offenders find restoration in recovery and become productive citizens. With an emphasis on rehabilitation and treatment, drug courts serve only a fraction of the estimated 1.2 million individuals suffering from Substance Use Disorder in the United States criminal justice system.<\/p>\n<p><b>DRY DRUNK :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0Originating in the 1970\u2019s book,\u00a0The Dry Drunk Syndrome, by\u00a0R.J. Solberg, the term is defined as\u00a0the\u00a0presence of actions and attitudes that characterize the\u00a0individual with the\u00a0alcohol use disorder\u00a0prior to recovery.<\/p>\n<p>Widely\u00a0adopted by the\u00a0Alcoholics Anonymous\u00a0and\u00a0peer support\u00a0communities, this term identifies\u00a0individuals who no longer utilize alcohol, but continue to behave dysfunction-ally\u00a0(e.g. express rage\/anger, intense fear), or regress in\u00a0personal growth or within their recovery program.<\/p>\n<p><b>DUAL DIAGNOSIS :\u00a0<\/b> Describes patients with both mental illness and substance use disorder. Personality disorder may also co-exist with psychiatric illness and\/or substance use disorders. Also known as\u00a0comorbidity\u00a0or co-occuring disorders.<\/p>\n<p><b>DURATION OF STAY :\u00a0<\/b> Individuals progress through drug addiction treatment at various rates, so there is no predetermined length of treatment. However, research has shown unequivocally that good outcomes are contingent on adequate treatment length. To sum it up, the longer someone is in treatment the better their chances are a long-term recovery.<\/p>\n<p><b>EARLY RECOVERY :\u00a0<\/b> The first year of remission from a substance use disorder.<br \/>\n<b>ECSTASY:\u00a0<\/b> A synthetic substance with\u00a0stimulant and hallucinogenic effects, that produces feelings of increased energy, euphoria, and distorted sensory and time perception. Side effects include nausea, muscle cramping, involuntary teeth clenching, blurred vision, chills, and sweating. Also known as Molly, E, M&amp;M, MDMA, XTC, Adam, and essence.<br \/>\nLong-term health consequences include:\u00a0damage to serotonin neurons Ecstasy can be:\u00a0ingested orally, snorted<\/p>\n<p><b>EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (EAP):\u00a0<\/b> Voluntary work-based intervention programs offered by employers\u00a0to support employees in management of issues affecting mental and emotional well-being, such as: substance use, stress, grief, family problems, trauma, and psychological disorders. While services may vary, Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) provide employees with free and confidential assessments, short-term counseling, referrals, and follow-up services.<\/p>\n<p><b>ENABLING :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0Actions that typically involve removing or diminishing the naturally occurring negative consequences resulting from substance use, increasing the likelihood of disease progression. Term has a stigma alert, due to the inference of judgement and blame typically of the concerned loved-one.<\/p>\n<p><b>ESSENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS:\u00a0<\/b> As part of the Affordable Care Act, individual and small group health plans (for individuals without job-based coverage) were required to begin covering what were deemed essential health benefits, that fell into the 10 different categories of:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Ambulatory patient services (outpatient services)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Emergency services<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Hospitalization<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Maternity and newborn care<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Mental health and substance use disorder treatment<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Prescription drugs<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Laboratory services<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Pediatric services, including oral and vision care<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP) :\u00a0<\/b> Patient care informed through the integration of clinical expertise and best available clinical\u00a0evidence from systematic research.<\/p>\n<p><b>EXCLUSIONS :\u00a0<\/b> Specific conditions, services, treatments or treatment settings for which a health insurance plan will not provide coverage.<\/p>\n<p><b>FENTANYL :\u00a0<\/b> A potent opioid synthetically produced in laboratories, that activates the reward centers of the brain to produce sensations of euphoria and provide pain relief. Side effects have included alterations in consciousness, sensations of heaviness, decreases in mental function, constipation, anxiety, changes in mood and appetite, nausea, dry mouth, intense itching, constricted pupils, and increased body temperature. Fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine, and is available in legal prescription form, and increasingly, in illegal illicit forms. Also known as Apache, China Girl, or Jackpot.<br \/>\nLong-term health consequences (most often through injection use) include:\u00a0insomnia, infection of the heart lining and valves, collapsed veins, loss of sense of smell, abscesses, constipation, liver or kidney disease, pneumonia, sexual dysfunction (men), irregular menstrual cycles (women), increased risk of HIV and Hepatitis, coma or death.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fentanyl can be:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> In prescription form: injected, worn as a transdermal patch, or ingested through lozenges<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> In non-prescription illicit form: ingested (eaten), snorted, injected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME:\u00a0<\/b> An irreversible syndrome inherited by children exposed to alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. This syndrome is characterized by physical and mental birth defects. This is currently more commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.<\/p>\n<p><b>FULL SUSTAINED REMISSION :\u00a0<\/b> 1 year without substance use disorder symptoms (except\u00a0craving).<\/p>\n<p><b>GABAPENTIN :\u00a0<\/b> Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic (e.g. anticonvulsant) medication, that targets nerve pain to alleviate seizures. Side effects include euphoria, dizziness, lack of coordination, temporary loss of memory (amnesia), insomnia, restlessness, agitation, anxiety, mania, depression, suicidal thoughts, aggressive or violent behavior. Also known as Neurontin, Gralise, or Horizant.<\/p>\n<p>Long-term health consequences include:\u00a0dependency, respiratory failure, weakened muscles, memory loss<br \/>\nGabapentin can be:\u00a0ingested orally (immediate or extended-release, liquid or tablets)<\/p>\n<p><b>GATEWAY HYPOTHESIS :\u00a0<\/b> The gateway hypothesis postulates that use of a certain drug increases the risk for the subsequent use of more potent and addictive or harmful drugs. For instance, marijuana is sometimes referred to as a \u201cgateway drug\u201d because its use has been shown to increase the risk for the use of other drugs. This does not mean that the use of marijuana will\u00a0inevitably\u00a0lead to the use of other drugs; only that it is\u00a0associated\u00a0with an increased risk.<\/p>\n<p>The exact mechanism by which this risk is conferred is not clear; it could be direct (i.e., through changes in the brain) or indirect through exposure to marijuana-using friends who are also using other drugs and who may introduce the person to these other drugs, or both.<\/p>\n<p><b>GUILT:\u00a0<\/b> A cognitive-affective state that emerges in humans when one perceives a personal wrong-doing; it can be adaptive and helpful in increasing the likelihood that behavior remains consistent with one\u2019s values.<br \/>\n<b>HALLUCINOGEN :\u00a0<\/b> A substance that induces hallucinations (i.e. visions, sounds, smells, tastes, or sensations) that do not actually exist. Common examples include LSD (\u201cacid\u201d) and psilocybin (\u201cmagic mushrooms\u201d). Cannabis\/marijuana in high doses also can act as a hallucinogen.<\/p>\n<p><b>HARM REDUCTION :\u00a0<\/b> Policies, programs and practices that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of alcohol or other drugs. The defining features include a focus on the prevention of harm, rather than on the prevention of substance use itself, with attention and focus on the individual\u2019s active substance use (e.g., a clean needle exchange program can reduce rates of transmission of hepatitis C, HIV, or other infectious disease for individuals suffering from heroin use disorder).<\/p>\n<p><b>HEROIN :\u00a0<\/b> A drug made from the opium poppy plant, that activates the reward centers of the brain to produce sensations of euphoria. Heroin can also produce alterations in consciousness, sensations of heaviness, decreases in mental function, nausea, dry mouth, intense itching, increased body temperature, coma or death.\u00a0Also known as smack, hell dust, H.<\/p>\n<p>Long-term health consequences (most often related to injection use) include:\u00a0insomnia, infection of the heart lining and valves, collapsed veins, loss of sense of smell, abscesses, constipation, liver or kidney disease, pneumonia, sexual dysfunction (men), irregular menstrual cycles (women), increased risk of HIV and Hepatitis.<\/p>\n<p>Heroin can be: inhaled (e.g. smoked), snorted, or injected.<\/p>\n<p><b>HIGHER POWER :\u00a0<\/b> A supreme deity or being, a malleable conception of God, or a \u201cpower greater than ourselves,\u201d popularized by\u00a0the recovery mutual-help organization,\u00a0Alcoholics Anonymous.<\/p>\n<p><b>HYDROCODONE :\u00a0<\/b> An analgesic opioid semi-synthetically produced for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, that activates the reward centers of the brain to provide pain relief. Side effects include constipation, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, sleepiness, drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, itching, headache, dry mouth, sweating, changes in heart rate, and trouble breathing. Hydrocodone is more likely to cause constipation and stomach pain than Oxycodone. Also known as Vicodin or\u00a0dihydrocodeinone.<\/p>\n<p>Long-term health consequences include:\u00a0dependency, addiction<\/p>\n<p>Hydrocodone can be:\u00a0ingested orally (often in syrup form), injected, snorted<\/p>\n<p><b>INHALANT :\u00a0<\/b> Substances that produce chemical vapors that are inhaled to induce a psychoactive or mind-altering effect. There are four general categories of inhalants \u2014 volatile solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrites.<\/p>\n<p><b>IN-PATIENT TREATMENT :\u00a0<\/b> Admission to a hospital or facility for\u00a0treatment\u00a0that requires at least one overnight stay and typically requires medical management. (see residential treatment)<\/p>\n<p><b>INTEGRATED HEALTH CARE :\u00a0<\/b> An approach characterized by a high degree of collaboration and communication among health professionals, with sharing of information among team members related to patient care and the establishment of a comprehensive treatment plan to address the physical, psychological and social needs of the patient.<\/p>\n<p>The inter-professional health care team can include a diverse group of members (e.g., physicians, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and other health professionals), depending on patient needs.<\/p>\n<p><b>INTEGRATED TREATMENT PROGRAMS :\u00a0<\/b> Treatment programs that work to treat substance use disorder alongside other co-occuring mental, physical, emotional or social considerations, recognizing how the presence of each can be a risk factor for relapse to either. The term is most often used to indicate the combination of addiction treatment services with mental health treatment services, or on-site pregnancy, parenting, or child-related services.<\/p>\n<p><b>INTENSIVE OUTPATIENT TREATMENT :\u00a0<\/b> A time limited, intensive, non-residential clinical treatment that often involves participation in several hours of clinical services several days per week. It is a step below\u00a0partial\u00a0hospitalization\u00a0in intensity.<\/p>\n<p><b>INTERVENTION :\u00a0<\/b> A procedure of varying duration\u00a0typically conducted by a clinician and implemented to stimulate, facilitate, and induce changes in signs, symptoms, or behavior.<\/p>\n<p>A meeting of an individual with an identifiable substance-related problem\u00a0with family or other significant others held to directly address the problems being caused by the individuals\u2019 substance use and typically involves expression of care, concern, and explicit demands for behavioral change or the receipt of addiction treatment. Typically conducted when other attempts to influence change have failed. Also known as the Johnson Intervention.<\/p>\n<p><b>KORSAKOFF\u2019S SYNDROME :\u00a0<\/b> A chronic memory disorder associated with amnesia, caused by a severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1), most commonly associated with severe alcohol use disorder. Also known as Korsakoff\u2019s Psychosis. (See Wernicke\u2019s Encephalopathy; Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome)<br \/>\n<b>LAPSE:\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A non-technical term, also referred to as a\u00a0\u201cslip\u201d. It implies a short-term resumption of substance use or heavy\/hazardous use (e.g., for a night or a day) that is followed by a return to the original goal of moderate use or abstinence.<\/p>\n<p>This term has a stigma alert due to the term\u2019s potentially moral meanings rooted in morality and religion (e.g. lapse in grace),\u00a0and implied \u201caccidental\u201d manifestation (e.g. lapse in judgement). Many advocate instead to use the terms \u201cresumed,\u201d or \u201cexperienced a recurrence\u201d of substance use or substance use disorder symptoms.<\/p>\n<p><b>LEVELS OF CARE :\u00a0<\/b> Various levels of treatment intensity ranging from weekly outpatient therapy to more intensive medically monitored or medically managed hospitalization. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) have constructed a detailed assessment process based on specific criteria that can provide clinicians with a holistic approach to individualized assessment and placement to the most appropriate level of care along with outcome-driven treatment plans that focus on individualized needs.<\/p>\n<p><b>LONG TERM RECOVERY :\u00a0<\/b> 5 years of continued remission; the point at which the risk of meeting criteria for a substance use disorder in the following year is no greater than that of the general population.<br \/>\n<b>MAINTENANCE DOSE :\u00a0<\/b> The amount of a medication administered to preserve a desired level of the medication in the blood.<\/p>\n<p><b>MANDATED TREATMENT :\u00a0<\/b> Treatment required through a\u00a0drug court\u00a0or as a condition of pretrial release, probation, or parole.<\/p>\n<p><b>MARIJUANA :\u00a0<\/b> The leaves, flowers, stems and seeds of the hemp plant\u00a0Cannabis sativa, containing the active ingredient of\u00a0delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol\u00a0(THC) that can produce altered senses and perceptions of time, changes in mood and appetite, pain relief, impaired body movement, impaired problem-solving and memory, and at high doses, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis.\u00a0Also known as weed, pot, hashish, hash, ganga, herb, grass, 420, Mary Jane.<\/p>\n<p>Long-term health consequences include:\u00a0brain development in individuals under age 25,\u00a0motivation and cognition<br \/>\nLong-term health benefits include:\u00a0more\u00a0research is needed according to the standards of evidence-based medicine.<br \/>\nMarijuana can be: inhaled (e.g. smoked, vaporized), ingested (e.g. edibles)<\/p>\n<p><b>MATRIX MODEL :\u00a0<\/b> An\u00a0evidence-based\u00a0treatment developed in the 1980s based on\u00a0Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)\u00a0and\u00a0Motivational Interviewing\/Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MI\/MET).<\/p>\n<p>Implemented over the course of several months, the Matrix model is a highly-structured\u00a0outpatient\u00a0method generally used to treat\u00a0stimulant-based substance use disorders (methamphetamines, cocaine, etc.). This model of treatment focuses on the patient working within a variety of group settings (i.e. family education groups, social support groups, early recovery skills groups, relapse prevention groups, 12-step groups, etc.).<br \/>\n<b>MEASUREMENT-BASED PRACTICE:\u00a0<\/b> Measurement-based practice is a framework in which validated (evidence-based) symptom rating scales and screening tools are routinely used in clinical practice to inform treatment decisions and adjustments.<\/p>\n<p>Scales and tools look to screen for and diagnose substance use disorder, measure severity, and monitor disease progression or improvement at every point of care, akin to the management of other chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.<\/p>\n<p><b>MEDICAL MODEL :\u00a0<\/b> An addiction theory that considers addiction a medical, rather than social issue.<\/p>\n<p><b>MEDICAL NECESSITY :\u00a0<\/b> Health care services that are clinically indicated for the diagnosis and\/or treatment of a medical or behavioral health condition.<\/p>\n<p>Medical Necessity Appeal:An appeal filed when the health plan has denied payment or reimbursement for level of care or service based on a \u201clack of medically necessity.\u201d Synonymous with clinical utilization management appeals.<\/p>\n<p><b>MEDICATION ASSISTED DETOX:\u00a0<\/b> Detoxification in a medical setting, often with use of medications to support initial withdrawal and stabilization following cessation of alcohol or other drugs.<\/p>\n<p><b>MEDICATION ASSISTED TREATMENT:\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0Medication-assisted treatment (MAT), including opioid treatment programs (OTPs), combines behavioral therapy and medications to treat substance use disorders (see agonist; antagonist).<\/p>\n<p>This term has been issued a Stigma Alert, as the term may not fully appreciate research that has shown that with or without psychosocial support, medications are effective treatments for addiction \u2013 hence, the term \u201cassisted\u201d may undervalue the role of the medication. In addition, this term may create a double standard for substance use disorder treatment, as no other medications used to treat other health conditions are referred to as \u2018assisted\u2019 treatment. Many advocate instead to simple state \u201cmedications for addiction treatment.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>METHADONE :\u00a0<\/b> A synthetic opioid medication used to reduce withdrawal and post-acute withdrawal symptoms and is often used as a mid- to long-term opioid use disorder medication for helping stabilize and facilitate recovery among those suffering from opioid use disorders.<\/p>\n<p><b>METHAMPHETAMINES :\u00a0<\/b> A\u00a0stimulant\u00a0drug synthetically produced, that activates the reward centers of the brain to produce sensations of euphoria, increased wakefulness and physical activity, decreased appetite, faster breathing, rapid and\/or irregular heartbeat, and increased blood pressure and body temperature.\u00a0Also known as meth, ice, crystal meth, speed, crank.<\/p>\n<p>Long-term health consequences include:\u00a0Extreme weight loss, severe dental problems (e.g. meth mouth, skin sores from\u00a0intense itching, anxiety, confusion, sleeping problems, paranoia, hallucinations, increased risk of HIV and Hepatitis.<\/p>\n<p>Methamphetamines can be: inhaled (e.g. smoked), swallowed as a pill, snorted, or injected.<br \/>\n<b>MINDFULNESS-BASED RELAPSE PREVENTION:\u00a0<\/b> Training of techniques in mindfulness meditation, or the ability to be present in the here and now, in order to target depression, stress, negative emotions, and cravings in the prevention of relapse for individuals with addiction. It is often combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy.<\/p>\n<p><b>MODERATE DRINKING :\u00a0<\/b> According to HHS,\u00a0moderate drinking is per day no more than 1\u00a0alcoholic drink for women and no more than 2 alcoholic drinks for men.<br \/>\nMORPHINE<br \/>\nAn analgesic opioid derived from the opium poppy,\u00a0that activates the centers of the brain to provide pain relief.\u00a0Side effects have included nausea, vomiting, constipation, lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, increased sweating, or dry mouth. Also known as Kadian or Avinza.<br \/>\nLong-term health consequences include:\u00a0dependency, addiction<br \/>\nMorphine can be:\u00a0ingested orally,\u00a0injected<\/p>\n<p><b>MOTIVATIONAL ENHANCEMENT THERAPY :\u00a0<\/b> Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is an\u00a0intervention based on Motivational Interviewing\u00a0approaches and practices.<br \/>\nUnique to Motivational Enhancement Therapies is the use of clinically relevant patient reported assessment data that is summarized and subsequently fed back to the patient in an Motivational Interviewing (MI), client-centered, counseling style in order to enhance motivation for change.<\/p>\n<p><b>MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING (MI) :\u00a0<\/b> A clinical approach that helps people with mental health and substance use disorders and other chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and asthma make positive behavioral changes to support better health by helping them to explore and resolve ambivalence about changes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The approach upholds four principles:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> expressing empathy and avoiding arguing<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> developing discrepancy<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> rolling with resistance<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> supporting self-efficacy (client\u2019s belief s\/he can successfully make a change)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>This is non-directive approach to counseling that attempts to help patients resolve ambivalence about changing substance use and mobilize motivation and action toward healthier change.<br \/>\n<b>MUTUAL HELP ORGANIZATIONS :\u00a0<\/b> Also known as\u00a0self-help groups, peer support groups,\u00a0and\u00a0mutual aid, mutual help organizations are for the most part peer run volunteer organizations that focus on socially supportive communication and exchange of addiction and recovery experiences and skills.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mutual help organizations\u00a0include such organizations as:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Narcotics Anonymous (NA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Marijuana Anonymous (MA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Cocaine Anonymous (CA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Smart Recovery<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> All Recovery Groups<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Celebrate Recovery<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> LifeRing<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Women For Sobriety<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Other online forums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>For family members and friends mutual help organizations include:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Al-Anon<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Nar-Anon<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Learn2Cope<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Other online forums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>NALOXONE :\u00a0<\/b> An opioid\u00a0antagonist, similar to Naltrexone, that works by blocking opioid receptors in the brain, thereby blocking the effects of opioid agonists (e.g., heroin, morphine). Naloxone has poor bio-availability when taken sublingually. Naloxone has a high affinity to the mu opioid receptor, yet not as high of an affinity as\u00a0buprenorphine, at the mu receptor. Brand name: Narcan.<br \/>\n<b>NALTREXONE :\u00a0<\/b> An opioid\u00a0antagonist, works by blocking opioid receptors in the brain, without activating them, therefore blocking the effects of opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine). Naltrexone has a high affinity to the Mu opioid receptor, but not as high as\u00a0buprenorphine.<br \/>\n<b>NAR-ANON :\u00a0<\/b> Nar-Anon is a mutual help organization or peer support group for people who have been affected by a loved one\u2019s drug use disorder. Groups are based on 12-step principles and practices and have attendees share stories and build supportive networks to help cope with the difficulties of having a loved one with a drug use disorder.<br \/>\n<b>NARCOTIC :\u00a0<\/b> Originally, narcotic referred to psychoactive compounds with sleep inducing properties (typically opioids such as heroin). In moderate doses, narcotics will dull the senses, relieve pain, and induce sleep. In large doses, narcotics will cause stupor, coma, and death.<br \/>\nToday however, narcotic is often used in a legal context, where narcotic is used generally to refer to illegal or illicit substances.<br \/>\n<b>NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS :\u00a0<\/b> Born out of the principles, practices, and structure of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous is an international fellowship for individuals with problematic drug use. NA is a nonprofessional, self-supporting, multiracial, apolitical organization that is open to all ages, offering meetings in over 100 countries. NA is a 12-step program that revolves around its main text, known as the\u00a0Basic Text.<br \/>\n<b>NATURAL RECOVERY :\u00a0<\/b> A common recovery pathway in which remission from substance use disorder is achieved without the support or services of professional or non-professional intervention. Also known as self-managed recovery.<br \/>\n<b>NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME (NAS) :\u00a0<\/b> A\u00a0post-natal withdrawal syndrome\u00a0inherited by children exposed to substances, most often opioids, during pregnancy. Babies born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome are more likely to suffer from low birthweight, breathing problems, feeding problems, seizures, or birth defects.<br \/>\n<b>NETWORK (IN-NETWORK, OUT-OF-NETWORK):\u00a0<\/b> In Network:\u00a0The group of physicians, hospitals and other medical care professionals that a managed care plan has contracted with to deliver medical and\/or behavioral health services to its members.<br \/>\nOut-of-Network :\u00a0Physicians, hospitals, facilities and other health care providers that are not contracted with the plan or insurer to provide health care services at discounted rates. Depending on an individual\u2019s plan, expenses incurred by services provided by out-of-plan health care professionals may not be covered or may be only partially covered.<br \/>\n<b>NEUROTRANSMITTER :\u00a0<\/b> Brain chemicals (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, GABA, etc.) that communicate information throughout the body by transmitting signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. Imbalances in key neurotransmitters and neurotransmission can create cravings and mood instability.<br \/>\n<b>NICOTINE :\u00a0<\/b> A toxic colorless or yellowish oily liquid that is the chief active constituent of tobacco. It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells acting as a depressant.<br \/>\n<b>OPEN MEETINGS :\u00a0<\/b> 12 Step meetings that can be attended by anyone (those who identify with a substance use disorder, as well as those who do not). Intended to educate the public and concerned significant others about the nature and scope of 12-step meetings.<br \/>\n<b>OPIATE:\u00a0<\/b> A drug derived directly from the natural opium poppy plant (see\u00a0opioid).<\/p>\n<p><b>OPIOID :\u00a0<\/b> A family of drugs used therapeutically to treat pain, that also produce a sensation of euphoria (a \u201chigh\u201d) and are naturally derived from the opium poppy plant (e.g., morphine and opium) or synthetically or semi-synthetically produced in a lab to act like an opiate (e.g., methadone and oxycodone). Chronic repeated use of opioids can lead to tolerance, physical dependence and addiction.<\/p>\n<p><b>OPIOID REPLACEMENT THERAPY (ORT) :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0An outdated term for use of medications to treat opioid use disorder symptoms and craving, also referred to as \u201copioid substitution therapy\u201d, \u201copioid maintenance therapy\u201d, or \u201cmediation assisted therapy\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>When used, this term could imply\u00a0that one is simply swapping one addiction for another, replacing an illegal opioid, such as heroin, with a longer acting but less euphoric opioid. Research has shown that with or without psychosocial support, opioid agonist and antagonist medications are effective treatments for opioid use disorder. In addition, this term may create a double standard for substance use disorder treatment, as no other medications used to treat other health conditions are referred to as \u201creplacements.\u201d Many advocate instead to use the term \u201cmedications for addiction treatment.\u201d<br \/>\n<b>OUTPATIENT TREATMENT :\u00a0<\/b> A professionally delivered substance use disorder treatment modality that requires daily to weekly attendance at a clinic or facility, allowing the patient to return home or to other living arrangements during non-treatment hours.<br \/>\n<b>OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATIONS (OTC) :\u00a0<\/b> Medications directly obtainable in a pharmacy by a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare provider.<br \/>\n<b>OXYCODONE:\u00a0<\/b> An analgesic opioid semi-synthetically produced for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, that activates the reward centers of the brain to provide pain relief. Side effects include constipation, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, sleepiness, drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, itching, headache, blurred vision, dry mouth, sweating, changes in heart rate, and trouble breathing. Oxycodone is more likely to cause side effects of dizziness and drowsiness, as well as fatigue, headaches, and feelings of euphoria than Hydrocodone. Also known as OxyCotin or Percocet.<br \/>\nLong-term health consequences include:\u00a0dependency, addiction<br \/>\nOxycodone can be:\u00a0oral (immediate and controlled release formulations), injected, snorted<\/p>\n<p><b>PARADOXICAL DRUG EFFECT :\u00a0<\/b> Effects or reactions to a substance that are opposite to the substance\u2019s normal expected effect or outcome (e.g., feeling pain from a pain relief medication).<br \/>\n<b>PARTIAL HOSPITALIZATION :\u00a0<\/b> A\u00a0time-limited, intensive, clinical service that is often medically monitored but is a step in intensity below inpatient\u00a0hospitalization. A patient may participate in clinical services all day long for days to weeks but resides at home. Definitions of levels of care may vary by state.<br \/>\n<b>PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT:\u00a0<\/b> Healthcare legislation enacted on March 23, 2010, making substance use disorders one of the ten elements of essential health benefits in the United States. It requires that Medicaid and all insurance plans sold on the Health Insurance Exchange provide services for substance use disorder treatment at the same level as other medical procedures. Commonly referred to as the Affordable Care Act, ACA, or \u201cObamacare\u201d after US president, Barack Obama, under whose government the law was formulated and enacted.<\/p>\n<p><b>PEER SUPPORT GROUP :\u00a0<\/b>Also known as mutual help organizations, peer support groups are structured non-clinical relationships, in which individuals participate in activities that engage, educate, and support patients recovering from substance use disorder. Peer to peer groups include such organizations as:\u00a0AA, NA, Smart Recovery, All Recovery groups, LIfeRing, Women for Sobriety, and online forums.<br \/>\nAs part of a larger treatment plan, peer providers offer valuable guidance and connection to individuals in recovery through the process of sharing their own experiences in recovery from substance use disorder.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Peer support groups include such organizations as:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Narcotics Anonymous (NA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Marijuana Anonymous (MA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Cocaine Anonymous (CA)<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Smart Recovery<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> All Recovery Groups<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Celebrate Recovery<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> LifeRing<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Women For Sobriety<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Other online forums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>For family members and friends\u00a0peer support groups include:<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Al-Anon<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Nar-Anon<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Learn2Cope<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> Other online forums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0This term may be stigmatizing when used to describe tolerance and withdrawal, as the term implies true dependence. However, this term does not meet the World Health Organization (WHO)\u00a0International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)\u00a0diagnostic criteria for dependence, which would include at lease one psychological component.<\/p>\n<p><b>POTENCY:\u00a0<\/b> The degree of concentration of the psychoactive ingredient of a substance.<\/p>\n<p><b>PRE-AUTHORIZATION :\u00a0<\/b> Confirmation of coverage by the insurance company for a service or product before receiving the service or product from the medical provider. This is also known as prior authorization.<br \/>\n<b>PRESCRIPTION DRUG MISUSE:\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0The use of a medication without a prescription or usage of a drug in a way other than as prescribed; or for the experience or euphoric feeling elicited. This term is used interchangeably with \u201cnon-medically used psychoactive substance\u201d or \u201cprescription drug abuse\u201d. This term has a stigma alert as the word \u201cmisuse\u201d is thought by some people as an expression of negative judgement. Instead, use\u00a0clear, unambiguous, non-stigmatizing terminology\u00a0such as\u00a0\u201cnon-medical use of a psychoactive substance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS :\u00a0<\/b> Medications available to consumers only with a specific written authorization from a healthcare provider.<\/p>\n<p><b>PROBLEM-BEHAVIORAL THEORY :\u00a0<\/b> Proposed by Richard Jessor in 1991, Problem Behavior Theory is a conceptual framework that examines factors leading to adolescent substance use. The theory\u00a0proposes that behavior is tied to goals, and adolescent substance use results when a teen holds goals and values that are unconventional or do not align with typical social values of society.<\/p>\n<p><b>PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY :\u00a0<\/b> A form of talk therapy that focuses on the psychological developmental histories and internal unconscious processes (e.g. needs, urges, desires) in the patients psyche that may present outwardly in a patient\u2019s behavior. A major goal is to help the patient gain insight into these implicit processes to help resolve internal conflict and behavioral problems.<\/p>\n<p><b>PSYCHOSOCIAL THERAPY :\u00a0<\/b> Non-pharmacological treatments, or \u201ctalk therapies,\u201d such as those contained in counseling and psychotherapy. These types of treatments tend to help people attain and maintain motivation to change addictive behaviors (e.g.,\u00a0Motivational interviewing\/Motivational enhancement therapy), teach skills to help prevent recurrence of substance use (e.g.,\u00a0cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT)), and link patients to community-based resources to help sustain remission and enhance recovery over time (e.g.,\u00a0Twelve-Step Facilitation).<\/p>\n<p>They can also involve significant others such as a marriage or domestic partner (e.g.,\u00a0behavioral couples therapy) or one or more family members (e.g.,\u00a0family therapy) in an attempt to help attain and sustain remission from a substance use disorder.<\/p>\n<p><b>RAPID DETOX :\u00a0<\/b> Anesthesia assisted detoxification; injection of high doses of an opiate antagonist.<\/p>\n<p><b>RECOVERY :\u00a0<\/b> The process of improved physical, psychological, and social well-being and health after having suffered from a substance use disorder.<\/p>\n<p><b>RECOVERY COACH :\u00a0<\/b> Typically a non-clinical peer support specialist or \u201cpeer mentor\u201d operating within a community organization (e.g., a Recovery Community Center) or a clinical organization (e.g., treatment program or hospital) and can therefore be a paid or volunteer position. Recovery coaches are most often in recovery themselves and therefore offer the lived experience of active addiction and successful recovery. They focus on helping individuals to set &amp; achieve goals important to recovery. They do not offer primary treatment for addiction, do not diagnose, &amp; generally, are not associated with any specific method or pathway to recovery, supporting instead an array of recovery pathways.<\/p>\n<p><b>RECOVERY COMMUNITY CENTER:\u00a0<\/b> A center or hub that organizes recovery networks regionally and nationally to facilitate supportive relationships between individuals in recovery as well as family and friends of people in recovery. Centers may provide advocacy training, peer support organization meetings, social activities, job linkage, and other community based services.<\/p>\n<p><b>RECOVERY COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS (RCO\u2019s) :\u00a0<\/b> An independent, non-profit organization led and governed by representatives of local communities of individuals in recovery from a substance use disorder.<\/p>\n<p><b>RECOVERY RESIDENCES:\u00a0<\/b> An alcohol- and drug-free living facility for individuals recovering from alcohol or other drug use disorders that often serves as an interim living environment between\u00a0detoxification experiences or residential treatment and mainstream society. Also known as Sober Houses, Sober Living Houses (SLHs), Sober Living Homes, or Sober Living Environments.<\/p>\n<p><b>RECEPTOR :\u00a0<\/b> Various specific protein molecules located in the surface membranes of cells &amp; organelles to which complementary molecules may become bound (e.g. hormones, neurotransmitters, antigens, or antibodies).<\/p>\n<p><b>REFERRAL :\u00a0<\/b> A clinical linkage strategy designed to enhance engagement with another clinical service, provider, or recovery support service<\/p>\n<p><b>REINFORCEMENT (POSITIVE &amp; NEGATIVE):\u00a0<\/b> The application or withdrawal of a stimulus or condition with the goal of increasing the frequency of a behavior. Positive reinforcement uses the application of a reward following the behavior to increase behavior; negative reinforcement uses the withdrawal of a negative stimulus or condition to increase the frequency of behavior.<\/p>\n<p><b>RELAPSE :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0Relapse often indicates a recurrence of substance use. More technically, it would indicate the recurrence and reinstatement of a substance use disorder and would require an individual to be in remission prior to the occurrence of a relapse.<br \/>\nThe highest risk for recurrence of substance use disorder symptoms\u00a0occurs during the first 90 days following the initial intervention. The risk for recurrence of symptoms\u00a0decreases after 90 days. This indicates that individuals attempting to recover from substance use disorder need the most intensive support during this first 3-month period, as individuals are experiencing substantial physiological, psychological, and social changes during this early recovery phase. There is typically a greater sensitivity to stress and lowered sensitivity to reward that makes continued recovery challenging.<\/p>\n<p>This term has a stigma alert, as it can imply a moral failing for some people. Instead it may be preferable to use morally neutral terms such as \u201cresumed,\u201d or experienced a \u201crecurrence\u201d of symptoms.<\/p>\n<p><b>RELAPSE PREVENTION (RP) :\u00a0<\/b> Relapse Prevention is a skills-based, cognitive-behavioral treatment approach that requires patients and their clinicians to identify situations that place the person at greater risk for relapse \u2013 both internal experiences (e.g., positive thoughts related to substance use or negative thoughts related to sobriety that arise without effort, called \u201cautomatic thoughts\u201d) and external cues (e.g., exposure to people that the person associates with prior substance use).<\/p>\n<p><b>REMISSION :\u00a0<\/b> The complete absence of symptoms or the presence of symptoms but below a specified threshold. An individual is considered to \u201cin remission\u201d if they once met criteria for a substance use disorder, but have not\u00a0surpassed the threshold number of criteria\u00a0within the past year or longer.<\/p>\n<p>Long-term recovery from a substance use disorder is considered by many to occur after 5 years, at which time the likelihood of meeting criteria for substance use disorder in the following year is no greater than that of the general population.<\/p>\n<p><b>RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT :\u00a0<\/b> A model of care for substance use disorder that houses affected individuals with others suffering from the same conditions to provide longer-term rehabilitative therapy in a therapeutic socially supportive milieu. Also known sometimes as\u00a0in-patient treatment, although more technically, is medically managed or monitored whereas residential treatment does not have to be.<br \/>\n<b>RISK FACTORS :\u00a0<\/b> Attributes (e.g., genetics), characteristics (e.g., impulsivity) or exposures (e.g., to prescription opioids) that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.<br \/>\n<b>SCREENING, BRIEF INTERVENTION, AND REFERRAL TO TREATMENT (SBIRT):\u00a0<\/b> An evidence-based method used to detect, reduce, and prevent problematic substance use and substance use disorder.<br \/>\nSCREENING \u2013An assessment \u2013 usually brief such as a paper and pencil self-report measures or a biological assay (e.g., urine\/blood) \u2013 to help detect risky or harmful substance use. This is often conducted by healthcare professionals using standardized screening tools in a specific clinic or other setting.<br \/>\nBRIEF INTERVENTION \u2013A short conversation or counseling session in which healthcare providers typically offer feedback and advice in order to motivate individuals identified as at-risk for substance-related harm to become more aware of the risk and to reduce or eliminate substance use or to seek treatment.<br \/>\nREFERRAL TO TREATMENT \u2013The 3rd\u00a0and final stage in the SBIRT model, when a healthcare provider formally refers a patient identified as having or is at-risk for substance use disorder to additional services such as brief therapy or longer-term treatment.<\/p>\n<p><b>SEMI-SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS :\u00a0<\/b>Opioids derived from a combination of the opium poppy and synthetically man-made analogues.<br \/>\n<b>SHAME :\u00a0<\/b> A painful, negative emotion, which can be caused or exacerbated by conduct that violates personal values. Can also stem from deeply held beliefs that one is somehow flawed and unworthy of love, support, and connection, leading to increased odds of isolation.<\/p>\n<p><b>SLIP:\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A non-technical term, also referred to as a\u00a0\u201clapse\u201d. It is used to imply a short-term resumption of substance use or heavy\/hazardous use (e.g., for a night or a day) that is followed by a return to the original goal of moderate use or abstinence.<\/p>\n<p>This term has a stigma alert as some people believe the term implies culpability and implied \u201caccidental\u201d manifestation. Instead it may be preferable to use terms such as \u201cresumed,\u201d or experienced a \u201crecurrence\u201d of substance use or substance use disorder symptoms.<\/p>\n<p><b>SOBER :\u00a0<\/b> A state in which one is not intoxicated or affected by the use of alcohol or drugs.<br \/>\n<b>SOBER COACH :\u00a0<\/b> (see recovery coach)<br \/>\n<b>SOBRIETY :\u00a0<\/b> The quality or state of being\u00a0sober.<br \/>\n<b>SOCIAL DETOX :\u00a0<\/b> Detoxification in an organized residential setting to deliver non-medical support to achieve initial recovery from the effects of alcohol or another drug. Staff provide safe, twenty-four-hour monitoring, observation, and support in a supervised environment for patients.<br \/>\nSocial detoxification is characterized by an emphasis on peer and social support for patients whose intoxication or withdrawal signs and symptoms require twenty-four-hour structure and support but do not require medically managed inpatient detoxification. (see\u00a0detox)<\/p>\n<p><b>SPONSOR :\u00a0<\/b> A volunteer who is currently practicing the 12-step program of recovery espoused by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or other 12-step mutual-help organizations (e.g., Narcotics Anonymous, Marijuana Anonymous) and who helps newer AA members by providing support, encouragement, &amp; guidance to promote sustained long-term recovery.<br \/>\n<b>STIGMA :\u00a0<\/b> An attribute, behavior, or condition that is socially discrediting. Known to decrease treatment seeking behaviors in individuals with substance use disorders.<br \/>\n<b>STIMULANT :\u00a0<\/b> A psychoactive substance that increases or arouses physiologic or nervous system activity in the body. A stimulant will typically increase alertness, attention, and energy through a corresponding increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rates. Informally referred to as \u201cuppers\u201d (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine\/methamphetamine).<br \/>\n<b>SUBOXONE:\u00a0<\/b> Approved by the FDA in 2002 as a medication treatment for opioid dependence, Suboxone contains the active ingredients of\u00a0buprenorphine\u00a0hydrochloride and\u00a0naloxone. The mixture of\u00a0agonist\u00a0and\u00a0antagonist\u00a0is intended to reduce craving while preventing misuse of the medication.<\/p>\n<p><b>SUBSTANCE ABUSE :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0A term sometimes used to describe an array of problems resulting from intensive use of psychoactive substances. It has also been used as a diagnostic label. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), \u201csubstance abuse\u201d is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:<br \/>\nRecurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (such as repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; or neglect of children or household).<br \/>\nRecurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (such as driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)<br \/>\nRecurrent substance-related legal problems (such as arrests for substance related disorderly conduct)<br \/>\nContinued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (for example, arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication and physical fights).<\/p>\n<p><b>SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE :\u00a0<\/b> A term used synonymously with \u201caddiction\u201d but sometimes also used to distinguish physiological dependence from the syndrome of addiction\/substance use disorder. It was used in prior iterations of the DSM to signify the latter.<br \/>\nAccording to the\u00a0Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), substance dependence is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring any time in the same 12-month period:<\/p>\n<p>Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:<\/p>\n<p>A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or the desired effect or Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.<br \/>\nWithdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:<br \/>\n<div class=\"su-list\" style=\"margin-left:0px\">\n<ul>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance or<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended.<\/li>\n<li><i class=\"sui sui-check-circle\" style=\"color:#3CBCA4\"><\/i> There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects.<br \/>\nImportant social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use.<\/p>\n<p>The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (for example, current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption).<\/p>\n<p><b>SUBSTANCE MISUSE :\u00a0<\/b> (stigma alert)\u00a0The use of a substance for unintended or intended purposes\u00a0in improper amounts or doses. Term has a stigma alert, as some people believe it implies negative judgement and blame. Instead, many recommend using the terms \u201csubstance use\u201d or \u201cnon-medical use.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>SUSTAINED REMISSION :\u00a0<\/b> Someone who once met diagnostic criteria for an alcohol or other drug use disorder, and then no longer meets the threshold for the disorder for at least 1 year.<\/p>\n<p><b>SYMPTOM TRIGGERED DOSING :\u00a0<\/b> Doses are individualized and only administered on the appearance of early symptoms.<\/p>\n<p><b>SYNDROME :\u00a0<\/b> A group of signs and symptoms that appear together and characterize a disease or medical condition.<\/p>\n<p><b>SYNERGISTIC EFFECT :\u00a0<\/b> An effect caused by the interaction of two or more substances that magnifies the effect to be greater than the sum of each substance\u2019s individual effects.<\/p>\n<p><b>SYNTHETIC :\u00a0<\/b> Made synthetically or entirely from chemicals, and not made as a derivative of the original substance or plant (e.g. the opium poppy, marijuana plant, etc.) Examples of synthetic drugs include: carfentanil\/carfentanyl, sufentanil, fentanyl, spice, bath salts, &amp; herbal incense.<\/p>\n<p><b>SYNTHETIC MARIJUANA :\u00a0<\/b> Synthetic compounds produced in laboratories to mimic the effects of the active ingredient in marijuana,\u00a0delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol\u00a0(THC). While the intention of these compounds are to mimic the effects of marijuana, this is not always achieved. As one strain of synthetic marijuana is banned and made illegal, new compound combinations are created to avoid regulation. The result is the ongoing creation of compounds that are structurally more and more different from the natural THC found in marijuana, increasing the potential risks associated. Side effects have included vomiting, sweating, seizures, body spasms, rapid and\/or irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, severe paranoia and hallucinations.\u00a0Also known as K2, spice.<br \/>\nLong-term health consequences are unknown.<br \/>\nK2 can be: inhaled (e.g. smoked, vaporized), ingested (e.g. edibles)<\/p>\n<p><b>TAPER :\u00a0<\/b> A practice in pharmacotherapy of lowering the dose of\u00a0medication incrementally over time to help prevent or reduce any adverse experiences as the patients\u2019 body makes adjustments and adapts to lower and lower doses.<br \/>\n<b>TITRATION :\u00a0<\/b> The progressive or gradual increase in drug dosage to reach an optimal therapeutic outcome.<\/p>\n<p><b>TOLERANCE :\u00a0<\/b> A normal neurobiological adaptation process characterized by the brain\u2019s attempt to accommodate abnormally high exposure to a drug. Tolerance results in a need to increase the dosage of a drug overtime to obtain the same original effect obtained at a lower dose. A state in which a substance produces a diminishing biological or behavioral response (e.g. an increasingly higher dosage is needed to produce the same euphoric effect experienced initially).<\/p>\n<p><b>TOUGH LOVE :\u00a0<\/b> A controversial approach to promotion of behavioral change through love or affectionate concern expressed in a stern or unsentimental manner (as through discipline).<\/p>\n<p>First used in 1976, the term \u201ctough love\u201d was not applied to the addiction model until the 1980s, when David and Phyllis York wrote an influential book about the addiction and rehabilitation of their daughter entitled\u00a0Toughlove. In the book, the authors outline a view of rehabilitation techniques parents should use with their addicted children that relies on consequences ranging from mild to severe such as: take legal custody of the children of the individual with substance use disorder, refusal to provide financial assistance, asking the individual to leave the home, or refusing to provide bail money or legal assistance.<\/p>\n<p>The logic behind the \u201ctough love\u201d approach is founded in the belief that the parent is in control of the household, and the child is in control of their behavior. If the child does not accept the rules of the house, the child is not allowed to stay in the house. When faced with the choice of being asked to leave the house, the ideal outcome would be that the child would choose sobriety.<\/p>\n<p>Today a balance in the implementation of the tough love concept as a practice is suggested, and individuals should seek professional help rather than trying to produce results by themselves.<\/p>\n<p><b>TREATMENT:\u00a0<\/b> The management and care of a patient to combat a disease or disorder. Can take the form of medicines, procedures, or counseling and psychotherapy.<\/p>\n<p><b>TREATMENT LIMITATIONS :\u00a0<\/b> Quantitative Treatment Limitation (QTL)\u00a0Limits based on frequency of treatment, number of visits, days of coverage or days in a waiting period. A limitation that is expressed numerically, such as an annual limit of 50 outpatient visits.<br \/>\nNon-Quantitative Treatment Limitation (NQTL)\u00a0Any non-financial treatment limitation imposed by a health plan that limits the scope or duration of treatment (i.e. pre-authorization, medical necessity, utilization review, exclusions, etc.).<br \/>\n<b>TRIGGER:\u00a0<\/b> A specific stimulus that sets off a memory or flashback, transporting the individual back to a feeling, experience, or event which may increase susceptibility to psychological or physical symptom recurrence and reinstatement of substance use disorder.<\/p>\n<p><b>TWELVE STEP FACILITATION (TSF):\u00a0<\/b> An evidence-based clinical approach to substance use disorder treatment that is grounded in the principles of\u00a0Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)\u00a0and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) with the two primary goals of motivating the patient to develop a desire to cease using substances and to also acknowledge the need for active participation in community-based 12-step mutual help organizations such as AA and NA as a means of maintaining recovery over the long-term.<\/p>\n<p><b>TWO-STEPPING :\u00a0<\/b> A derisory term used to describe individuals in Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) or other 12-step programs, who practice step one and portions of the 12th\u00a0step of the 12-step program (i.e., remain abstinent and carry the message of recovery to other individuals suffering from addiction) but do not practice any other steps or principles of the 12-step program.<br \/>\n<strong>WITHDRAWAL:\u00a0<\/strong>Physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms that occur after chronic use of a drug is reduced abruptly or stopped among individuals who have developed tolerance to a drug.<\/p>\n<p><b>Residential Treatment :\u00a0<\/b> Residential treatment is described as any facility, in which you reside, while receiving treatment services in the same location. Residential treatment can be a very effective option as it can give patients a chance to separate from an unhealthy environment and relationships. However, while in treatment at this level of care family contact and the ability to maintain a job or schooling can be very limited or none at all.<\/p>\n<p><b>Medication-Assisted Treatment\u00a0<\/b> <strong>(MAT)<span class=\"s1\"><b> :<\/b><\/span><\/strong> is a tool used in combination with Behavioral Therapy and other substance abuse treatment modalities with medications such as buprenorphine and methadone to combat opioid dependence. Extended-release naltrexone has also been approved for the treatment of opioid dependence and has achieved successful results.<\/p>\n<p><b>Partial Hospitalization :\u00a0<\/b> This is an individualized program that is created for each client and their needs. There are many things which can precipitate drug use and behavioral issues such as abuse, grief and loss of friends and loved ones, trauma, abandonment or sometimes a general sense of inadequacy and not belonging. It is our job to figure out what those underlying issues are and expose our clients to therapies to heal and cope with future problems. We all have different issues and learn in different ways, so it is only natural that some therapies work better for some individuals than others.<\/p>\n<p><b>Intensive Outpatient :\u00a0<\/b> An Intensive Outpatient or IOP program usually consists of at least 9 hours of group therapy per week taking place over a minimum of 3 days during the week. This allows clients to work through issues in a safe environment while also being able to keep up with daily responsibilities like work, school, and family life.<\/p>\n<p><b>Release of Confidential Information (ROCI) :\u00a0<\/b> While a client is in the care of a treatment center, all health care information is strictly protected under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). In order to share <i>any<\/i>\u00a0treatment details with a 3 <sup>rd<\/sup>\u00a0party (i.e. a friend, loved one or other medical professional\/facility), there must be written consent on file specifically naming the outside party and the scope of what information can be shared.<\/p>\n<p><b>Leaving Against Medical Advice (AMA):\u00a0<\/b> Against medical advice, sometimes known as discharge against medical advice, is a term used in health care institutions when a patient leaves a hospital or treatment center against the advice of their clinical or medical care team.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstinence:\u00a0The absence of substance use. However, there are many different types of abstinence. Abstinence is typically interpreted as complete abstinence, defined below: Abuser :\u00a0A person who exhibits impaired control over engaging in substance use (or other reward-seeking behavior, such as gambling) despite suffering severe harms caused by such activity. Acceptance And Commitment Therapy (ACT):\u00a0Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; pronounced like the word \u201cact\u201d) is a cognitive-behavioral approach used in the treatment of substance use disorders that is based on the concepts of acceptance, mindfulness, and personal values. Acute Care:\u00a0Immediate, short-term medically managed or monitored care, lasting up to 31 days in length. Most addiction treatment programs (e.g., \u201crehab\u201d) follow an acute care model. Understanding substance use disorder to be a chronic illness, recovery may require ongoing continuing care beyond acute treatment episodes. Addict:\u00a0A person who exhibits impaired control over engaging in substance use (or other reward-seeking behavior, such as gambling) despite suffering severe harms caused by such activity. Addiction :\u00a0According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM),\u00a0addiction\u00a0is a primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestation. Addiction is characterized by behaviors that include: Addiction Counselor :\u00a0Type of non-medically credentialed addiction treatment provider. &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Addiction Dictionary - Drug Rehab and Addiction Treatment - Scottsdale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We understand treatment terms and acronyms can be confusing sometimes. 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